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Table 1 Model comparison

From: Raman spectroscopy-based prediction of ofloxacin concentration in solution using a novel loss function and an improved GA-CNN model

Models

\(\textrm{R}^{2}\)

MedAE

MAPE

RMSE

RPD

RMSEC

OURS

0.9989

0.7650

2.8404

1.0207

29.8872

1.4909

CNN

0.9689

3.4168

27.3789

5.3790

5.6717

5.9278

GRU

0.9855

2.8889

16.1136

3.6696

8.3138

5.7840

LSTM

0.9562

4.7007

28.3233

6.3840

4.7788

6.0532

RNN

0.9466

7.1858

30.7423

7.0519

4.3262

4.8422

BiLSTM

0.9753

3.5844

15.3264

4.7926

6.3656

6.2974