Fig. 4

Results of the simulation study based on gene expression data from the LGG cohort and representative pathways from the MSigDB Hallmark collection. a Each panel plots the predictive performance of the evaluated gene-level and pathway-level models for simulation studies that associated survival with one of four Hallmark pathways (Hallmark estrogen response late, Hallmark E2F targets, Hallmark TGF beta signaling and Hallmark MYC targets V2 respectively) selected to represent the four possible combinations of large or small pathway size and high or low average inter-gene correlation. In these plots, the Cox concordance index is plotted on the y-axis with the x-axis representing the standard deviation of the Gaussian noise added to the simulated survival times. The error bars represent the standard error over 20 replications. b Heatmaps that represent the inter-gene correlation structure of the four corresponding Hallmark pathways as computed on the LGG cohort gene expression data