Fig. 2

Boxplots of estimated heritability (100 replicates) under different simulation scenarios. Each plot presents results for one simulation scenario. a under different values of noise level (m=1000, n=10000); b under different values of the sample size (s=n=10000); c under different numbers of total SNPs (m=1000, s=n); d under different numbers of the causal SNPs (m=1000, n=10000). Here “fixed” refers to the estimator \(\hat {h}_{\text {fixed}}\) with \(\hat {M}=\{1,2,\cdots,n\}\), “fixed_ora” refers to the oracle estimator \(\hat {h}_{\text {fixed}}\) with \(\hat {M}=M_{0}\), “rand.” refers to the estimator \(\hat {h}_{\text {rand.}}\) with \(\hat {M}=\{1,2,\cdots,n\}\), and “rand._ora” refers to the oracle estimator \(\hat {h}_{\text {rand.}}\) with \(\hat {M}=M_{0}\). The approximation of the true heritability \(\tilde {h}^{*}\) is denoted as “approx.”. The whiskers of each boxplot are the first and third quartiles